I think this is a Plasma 6 or Qt6/KF6 regression. I don't remember seeing this in Qt5/KF5 times: A QListWidget that is the only widget in a layout doesn't get a frame. However, a frame is drawn as soon as another widget is added to the same layout. This doesn't happen when using the Fusion style, in this case, the QListWidget always has it's frame. I'll both attach screenshots and a minimal example producing the mentioned behavior.
Created attachment 177665 [details] The QListWidget lacks it's frame using Breeze
Created attachment 177666 [details] The frame is displayed correctly using Fusion
Created attachment 177667 [details] CMakeLists.txt
Created attachment 177668 [details] main.cpp
Created attachment 177669 [details] MainWindow.cpp
Created attachment 177670 [details] MainWindow.h
Maybe this is related to or even caused by https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=488195 ?